How reliably do rheumatologists measure shoulder movement?

How reliably do rheumatologists measure shoulder movement?

OBJECTIVE To assess the intrarater and interrater reliability among rheumatologists of a standardised protocol for measurement of shoulder movements using a gravity inclinometer. METHODS After instruction, six rheumatologists independently assessed eight movements of the shoulder, including total and glenohumeral flexion, total and glenohumeral abduction, external rotation in neutral and in a...

How to measure the onset of babbling reliably?

Various measures for identifying the onset of babbling have been proposed in the literature, but a formal definition of the exact procedure and a thorough validation of the sample size required for reliably establishing babbling onset is lacking. In this paper the reliability of five commonly used measures is assessed using a large longitudinal corpus of spontaneous speech from forty infants (a...

How do Synapses Measure Milliseconds?

Experimental validation of a theoretical prediction by measurements has often produced a critical step forward in our understanding of brain function. Donald Hebb’s original idea that the repetitive contribution of cell A to cell Bs fi ring should result in a strengthening of this particular connection was spectacularly confi rmed by the discovery of spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP; Bi ...

How Do We Measure Comorbidity?

This chapter reviews methods used to measure comorbidity in the context of cancer; summarising methods, identifying contexts in which they have been used and assessing the validity, reliability and feasibility of each approach. Measures of comorbidity are categorised according to whether they are based on individual conditions or simple counts, on dysfunction/function of organ systems, on condi...

How do we measure quality?